R&D expenditures 2013–2015
R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector, higher education sector and the government sector were 48.5 billion ISK in 2015, or 2.19% of GDP, which is an increase from 2.01% in 2014 and 1.76% in 2013. The increase comes from R&D expenditures within the business enterprise sector, which were 18.7 billion in 2013, 24.7 billion in 2014 and 31.4 billion in 2015.